Dental appliances for treating sleep disorders

ABSTRACT

Disclosed is a dental appliance useful for treating a patient having obstructive sleep apnea or hypopnea. Also disclosed is a method of treating obstructive sleep apnea or hypopnea using such a dental appliance.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 17/672,280, filed on Feb. 15, 2022, which claims the benefit of priority based on U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/158,139, filed on Mar. 8, 2021. The entire contents and disclosures of both applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

BACKGROUND

Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) is characterized by repetitive episodes of airflow reduction (hypopnea) or cessation (apnea) during sleep due to upper airway collapse from pharyngeal narrowing.

In an obstructive sleep apnea patient, breathing repeatedly stops during sleep as throat muscles intermittently relax to the extent of completely blocking the airway. In a hypopnea patient, the airway is significantly reduced, but not completely blocked.

OSAHS affects 9-38% of adults and increases with age and obesity. See Liu et al., Sci. Rep. 10, 3394 (2020). According to the National Healthy Sleep Awareness Project, at least 25 million adults in the US have OSAHS. See AASM Press Releases, Sep. 29, 2014. OSAHS symptoms include excessive loud snoring, daytime sleepiness, chronic fatigue, morning headache, depression, irritability, and high blood pressure. If untreated, OSAHS decreases quality of life and can also lead to more serious conditions such as increased risks of depression, type 2 diabetes, stroke, and even sudden death in patients with heart diseases due to repeated drops in blood oxygen levels.

Nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is the most popular treatment, in which an OSAHS patient wears a mask connecting to a machine that delivers a positive pressure and forces the airway to open during sleep. Many patients refuse CPAP for reasons including dry nasal passages, mask irritation, awakenings, machine noise, claustrophobia, and gastric distension. As such, CPAP is not well accepted among OSAHS patients.

Dental appliances have been used as an alternative to the CPAP therapy. See Pételle et al., American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 165, 1150-53 (2002); Dort et al., European Respiratory Journal 27, 1003-09 (2006). Worn by patients during sleep, they are intended to keep airway open either directly by forward movement of throat muscles, or indirectly by advancing the mandible. Dental appliances are less intrusive than CPAP and thus more acceptable to patients. However, their efficacy is not high, as low as 45% that of CPAP. See Basyuni et al., J. Thorac Dis 2018, 10 (Suppl. 1), S48-56. Recent improvements centering around design features remain unsatisfactory. See US Patent Application Publication Nos. 2013/0112210 and 2015/0272772.

There is a need to develop a high-efficacy dental appliance for treating OSAHS.

SUMMARY

This application provides methods of preparing dental appliances surprisingly effective in treating patients having OSAHS.

Accordingly, one aspect of this invention relates to a first method of preparing a dental appliance for treating a patient having obstructive sleep apnea or hypopnea. The method includes the steps of:

-   -   (i) identifying a patient having a mandibular dentition, a         maxillary dentition, a tongue, an airway, and an epiglottis, in         which the mandibular dentition has a central incisor and a         mandibular central point located at the tip of the central         incisor,     -   (ii) optionally sedating the patient into sleep,     -   (iii) locating a reference position (0,0) of the mandibular         central point when the maxillary dentition and the mandibular         dentition fit together in maximum interdigitation,     -   (iv) determining a target position (X_(tp),Y_(tp)) of the         mandibular central point, into which the mandibular dentition         moves so that the airway and epiglottis of the patient are open,     -   (v) constructing the dental appliance having a lower arch         section, an upper arch section, and a connecting section linking         the lower arch section and the upper arch section,

wherein

-   -   the lower arch section conforms to the mandibular dentition,     -   the upper arch section conforms to the maxillary dentition,     -   X_(tp) is the horizontal distance between the target position         (X_(tp),Y_(tp)) and the reference position (0,0),     -   Y_(tp) is the vertical distance between the target position         (X_(tp),Y_(tp)) and the reference position (0,0), and the lower         arch section is in a position corresponding to the target         position (X_(tp),Y_(tp)).

Typically, X_(tp) and Y_(tp) are measured in millimeter (mm).

The above first method optionally further includes the following four steps of:

-   -   (vi) determining a maximum protrusive position (X_(max)) of the         mandibular central point, into which the mandibular dentition is         protruded maximally to its maximum,     -   (vii) determining a maximum mouth opening position (Y_(max)) of         the mandibular central point, into which the mandibular         dentition is opened vertically to its maximum,     -   (viii) calculating formulation y =ax using the target position         (X_(tp),Y_(tp)) and the reference position (0,0), in which a is         Y_(tp)/X_(tp), and     -   (ix) determining an adjusted position (X_(adj),Y_(adj)) of the         mandibular central point,

wherein

-   -   X_(max) is the horizontal distance between the reference         position (0,0) and the maximum protrusive position (X_(max)),     -   Y_(max) is the vertical distance between the reference position         (0,0) and the maximum mouth opening position (Y_(max)),     -   X_(adj)/X_(max) is between 1% and 80%, preferably between 2% and         75%, and more preferably between 3% and 75%,     -   Y_(adj)/Y_(max) is between 1% and 70%, preferably between 1% and         65%, and more preferably between 2% and 60%,     -   Y_(adj)=aX_(adj), and     -   the lower arch section is moved to the adjusted position         (X_(adj),Y_(adj)).

The value of a is calculated by Y_(tp)/X_(tp) and thus specific to the patient. For most patients, the value of a falls within the range of 0.2 to 15.

The first method can also include the steps of:

-   -   (x) obtaining a set of digital data by scanning the mandibular         dentition and the maxillary dentition,     -   (xi) registering the set of digital data into a computer system,

wherein the dental appliance is constructed using the set of digital data.

Endoscopy is most often used to determine whether the airway and the epiglottis are open while the patient is asleep preferably under sedation.

Another aspect of this invention relates to a second method of preparing a dental appliance for treating a patient having OSAHS. The second method includes the steps of:

-   -   (a) identifying a patient having a maxillary dentition, a         mandibular dentition, a tongue, an airway, and an epiglottis, in         which the mandibular dentition has a central incisor and a         mandibular central point located at the tip of the central         incisor,     -   (b) locating a reference position (0,0) of the mandibular         central point when the maxillary dentition and the mandibular         dentition fit together in maximum interdigitation,     -   (c) determining a maximum protrusive position (X_(max)) of the         mandibular central point, into which the mandibular dentition is         protruded maximally to its maximum,     -   (d) determining a maximum mouth opening position (Y_(max)) of         the mandibular central point, into which the mandibular         dentition is opened vertically to its maximum,     -   (e) determining a target position (X_(tp), Y_(tp)) of the         mandibular central point, in which Y_(tp)=bX_(tp),         Y_(tp)=mY_(max), and X_(tp)=n_(max), b being 1 to 10 (preferably         1.2 to 8, and more preferably 1.5 to 6.5), m being 5% to 70%         (preferably 8% to 60%, and more preferably 12% to 50%), and n         being 5% to 80% (preferably 12% to 70%, and more preferably 20%         to 60%), and     -   (f) constructing the dental appliance having a lower arch         section, an upper arch section, and a connecting section linking         the lower arch section and the upper arch section,

wherein

-   -   the lower arch section conforms to the mandibular dentition,     -   the upper arch section conforms to the maxillary dentition,     -   X_(max) is the horizontal distance between the reference         position (0,0) and the maximum protrusive position (X_(max)),     -   Y_(max) is the vertical distance between the reference position         (0,0) and the maximum mouth opening position (Y_(max)),     -   X_(tp) is the horizontal distance between the target position         (X_(tp),Y_(tp)) and the reference position (0,0),     -   Y_(tp) is the vertical distance between the target position         (X_(tp),Y_(tp)) and the reference position (0,0), and     -   the lower arch section is in a position corresponding to the         target position (X_(tp),Y_(tp)).

The second method optionally includes the step of (g) determining an adjusted position (X_(adj),Y_(adj)) of the mandibular central position, in which X_(adj)/X_(max) is between 5% and 80% (preferably between 6% and 75%, and more preferably between 7% and 70%), Y_(adj)/Y_(max) is between 5% and 70% (preferably between 6% and 60%, and more preferably between 7% and 50%), and the lower arch section is moved to the adjusted position (X_(adj),Y_(adj)).

Further, the second method can include the steps of (h) obtaining a set of digital data by scanning the mandibular dentition and the maxillary dentition, and (i) registering the set of digital data into a computer system, in which the dental appliance is constructed using the set of digital data.

Also within the scope of this invention are dental appliances prepared by any of the methods described above.

Referring to the dental appliances, each of them has a lower arch section and an upper arch section, each of which has two posterior sections and an anterior section. Each dental appliance has an opening between the lower and upper arch sections at their anterior sections, and the opening has a width 20% to 50% relative to the maximum width of the tongue.

Suitable materials for making the dental appliances of this invention include durable orthodontic materials known in the art such as acrylic polymers or copolymers, acrylate polymers or copolymers, polypropylene derived materials, polyvinylchloride derived materials, polyurethane derived materials, and any combinations thereof.

The details of one or more embodiments of the invention are set forth in the description and drawings below. Other features, objects, and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the description and from the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A shows an intercuspal position (ICP) with a reference position A(0,0), in which the mandibular dentition fits together with the maxillary dentition in maximum interdigitation. From reference position A, the mandibular dentition can move to a position (X,Y) having two components, i.e., a horizontal movement (X) and a vertical movement (Y).

FIG. 1B demonstrates the maximum protrusion position B(X_(max),Y₁), in which the mandibular dentition moves forward to its maximum, reaching a maximum horizontal movement X_(max) and a short vertical movement Y₁.

FIG. 1C shows the maximum mouth opening position C(X₂,Y_(max)), in which the mandibular dentition is opened vertically to its maximum, reaching a maximum vertical movement Y_(max) and a short horizontal movement X₂.

FIG. 1D illustrates that the reference position A(0,0), the maximum protrusive position B(X_(max),Y₁), and the maximum mouth opening position C(X₂,Y_(max)) form a triangle, representing the maximum area that the mandibular central point can travel.

FIG. 2A is a photograph of a partially opened epiglottis and airway.

FIG. 2B is a photograph of a fully opened epiglottis and airway.

FIG. 2C shows an airway open position.

FIG. 2D shows a mouth close position.

FIG. 3 shows a target position (point TP) of the mandibular central point and an adjusted position (point adj).

FIG. 4A is a photograph of a dental appliance of this invention, viewed from its side.

FIG. 4B is a photograph of a dental appliance of this invention, viewed from its front.

FIG. 4C shows in a model a dental appliance that is attached to the mandibular and maxillary dentitions.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The dental appliance of this invention is worn by a patient to treat OSAHS. It helps keep the patient's airway and epiglottis open during sleep. This is achieved by forcing the mandibular dentition to a target position that opens the airway and at the same time provides comfortability. In the target position, the patient's lower jaw is advanced in a process commonly referred to as mandibular advancement, which moves the tongue forward, preventing the tongue from blocking the tracheal entrance. Mandibular advancement also opens airway by moving throat muscles.

The mandibular advancement is best measured by the movement of the mandibular dentition, which has two central incisors. Either one can be used to set a measuring point, defined as a mandibular central point at the tip of the central incisor. The right central incisor is often selected to define the mandibular central point. All movements of the mandibular dentition are measured using the mandibular central point.

In this application, the movement of mandibular advancement is quantified starting from an intercuspal position (ICP), which is the position of the mandibular dentition when it fits together with the maxillary dentition in maximum interdigitation. ICP is also known as Habitual Bite, Habitual Position, or Bite of Convenience, the position so termed as a patient is accustomed to when being asked to bite together. The mandibular central point at the ICP is assigned as a reference position A (0,0), having zero horizontal and vertical movements. See FIG. 1A.

From the ICP, the mandibular central point advances to a position (X,Y) having two components, i.e., a horizontal movement (X) and a vertical movement (Y). Usually in the unit of millimeter (mm), X and Y are the horizontal distance and the vertical distance, respectively, that the mandibular central point travels from the ICP in a mandibular advancement. Unlike the mandibular dentition, the maxillary dentition does not move during the mandibular advancement.

When the mandibular dentition moves forward to its maximum, it reaches the maximum protrusive position B having a maximum horizontal movement X. and a short vertical movement Y₁. See FIG. 1B. On the other hand, when the mandibular dentition is opened vertically to its maximum, it reaches a maximum mouth opening position C having a maximum vertical movement Y_(max) and a short horizontal movement X_(2.) See FIG. 1C. The reference position A (0,0), the maximum protrusive position B (X_(max), Y₁), and the maximum mouth opening position C (X₂, Y_(max)) form a triangle ABC, representing the maximum area that the mandibular central point can travel. See FIG. 1D.

Unexpectedly, when the mandibular central point moves to a target position TP (X_(tp),Y_(tp)), the air way is open to its maximum and the epiglottis is also open to its maximum, thus eliminating or reducing sleeping interruptions due to OSAHS.

X_(tp) and Y_(tp) are patient dependent. They have to be determined for each individual patient. X_(tp) typically falls within the range of 0.2 mm to 10 mm (e.g., 0.3-8 mm and 0.4-6 mm). On the other hand, Y_(tp) typically falls within 0.5 mm to 50 mm (e.g., 0.8-40 mm and 1-30 mm).

X_(max) can be in the range of 2 mm to 25 mm (e.g., 3-20 mm and 3.5-15 mm). Y_(max) can be in the range of 8 mm to 80 mm (e.g., 10-70 mm and 12-60 mm).

By way of illustration, the target position is determined by two methods. In the first method, the target position is pinpointed by endoscopy or continuous computed tomography (CT) on a patient having OSAHS. Before or after the endoscopy or CT operation, the patient's dentitions are scanned to obtain information for constructing the dental appliance. The mandibular central point and the reference position are also identified and recorded.

Scanning can be performed using X-ray, computer-aided topography (CAT scans), resonance imaging (MRI), and any other methods known in the art. Three-dimensional digital data sets can be readily obtained, which represent the mandibular dentition, the maxillary dentition, and their relative positions. The scanning data sets can also be obtained by conventional technologies, e.g., preparing a plaster cast followed by laser scanning.

The scanning data set is usually registered in a computer system, available for visualizing the dentitions, simulating their movements in a computer program, designing and modifying a dental appliance that fits onto the dentitions, and constructing the dental appliance in a three-dimensional (3-D) printer.

The scanning data set is used in combination with information regarding the target position. Endoscope and CT are two convenient technologies to identify the target position of the mandibular central point when the patient is asleep, sedated, anesthetized, or obtunded. The patient's mandibular dentition is moved protrusively or vertically while the epiglottis and the airway are monitored by endoscope or CT. The target position is reached when the airway and epiglottis are open to the maximum. The position is defined as (X_(tp),Y_(tp)), in which X_(tp) is the horizontal distance the mandibular central point travels, and Y_(tp) is the vertical distance the mandibular central point travels, both from the ICP.

The target position is usually determined by trained experts (thoracic physicians or pulmonologists) to their satisfaction. FIGS. 2 show (A) a partially opened epiglottis and airway, (B) a fully opened epiglottis and airway, (C) the airway open position, and (D) the mouth closing position. In determining the maximum airway opening, photographs can be taken to show the front view of the airway, areas of the airway in the photographs are then measured, and the opening corresponding to the largest area is determined as the maximum airway opening.

During the endoscope or CT operation, supplemental scanning data sets can be obtained. They are useful in simulating mandibular advancement, muscle movement, airway opening, and epiglottis positions when it is desirable to modify the dental appliance.

A standard dental appliance, i.e., a preferred embodiment of this invention, is fabricated using the target position (X_(tp),Y_(tp)), together with the scanning data sets.

Some patients prefer modified dental appliances to standard dental appliances for comfortability or other reasons.

A modified dental appliance is constructed in the same way as the standard dental appliance except that an adjusted position (X_(adj),Y_(adj)) is used instead of the target position (X_(tp),Y_(tp)).

The adjusted position (X_(adj),Y_(adj)) falls on the line y=ax which passes through both the reference position (0,0) and the target position (X_(tp),Y_(tp)). See FIG. 3 . In this equation, a is calculated as Y_(tp)/X_(tp). In the adjusted position, the airway is opened at least 20% (e.g., at least 30%, at least 40%, and at least 50%) as compared to the maximal airway opening.

Preferably, X_(adj) is in the range of 0.2 mm to 8 mm (e.g., 0.3-6 mm and 0.4-5 mm), and Y_(adj) is in the range of 0.5 mm to 20 mm (e.g., 0.8-15 mm and 1-10 mm).

The modified dental appliance is then prepared using the adjusted position (X_(adj),Y_(adj)) and the scanning data.

A serial of modified dental appliances can be prepared following the methods described above. They and the standard dental appliance are then worn by the patient one at a time to evaluate comfortability and clinical efficacy using protocols well known in the field. Evaluated on the basis of the clinical data and the wearing experience, the most suitable dental appliance is selected for everyday use.

As another illustration, a dental appliance of this invention is prepared as follows: (i) scanning a patient's oral cavity assisted by a computer system to establish a dentition model including at least a mandibular dentition and a maxillary dentition, (ii) scanning the patient's oral cavity repeatedly to identify a target position while moving the patient's mandibular dentition until the epiglottis and the airway are open to their maximum, (iii) recording the target position in the computer system, and (iv) preparing a dental appliance according to the dentition model and the target position of the mandibular dentition.

The target position thus identified requires less forward displacement than a conventional dental appliance, and therefore is more comfortable to wear by a patient.

In addition, dental appliances can be prepared by Method 2 of the invention, especially when the patient is unavailable for a study in determining the target position. As such, the second method of determining the target position involves calculation of the target position (X_(tp),Y_(tp)) using the following three equations:

-   -   (i) Y_(tp)=bX_(tp), b being 1 to 10, preferably 1.2 to 8, and         more preferably 1.5 to 6.5,     -   (ii) Y_(tp)=mY_(max), m being 5% to 70%, preferably 8% to 60%,         and more preferably 12% to 50%, and     -   (iii) X_(tp)=nX_(max), n being 5% to 80%, preferably 12% to 70%,         and more preferably 20% to 60%.

It was unexpectedly found that when the mandibular central point of a patient is rested at this target position, the airway and the epiglottis are open during sleep, thus effectively treating OSAHS. Accordingly, a standard dental appliance of this invention is constructed using the target position (X_(tp),Y_(tp)) and the scanning data set collected for the mandibular and maxillary dentitions.

In the second method, the dental appliance can also be adjusted following the procedure described above as long as X_(adj) and Y_(adj) meet the above three equations.

X_(tp), Yip, X_(adj), Y_(adj), X_(max), and Y_(max) can have ranges as described above.

The dental appliances of this invention can be manufactured following any known methods, such as three-divisional (3-D) printing, thermoforming, direct fabrication, machining, or any combination thereof. Stereolithography (SLA) is an exemplary 3-D printing technology in a layer-by-layer fashion using photochemical processes by which light causes monomers and oligomers to crosslink with each other to form polymers. Digital light processing (DLP) is another example, in which a digital projector is used as a light source for crosslinking monomers or oligomers. Material jetting (MJ) 3-D printers are also suitable, which dispense liquid monomer, oligomer, or resin from a printhead onto a build tray and cure it instantly under ultraviolet light.

Useful 3-D printers include those sold under the trade names of AccuFab-D1® from Shining 3D Technology Inc. (San Francisco, CA), NextDent® 5100 from 3D Systems (Rock Hill, SC), and Pro 95 from SprintRay (Los Angeles, CA).

Suitable materials include acrylic esters with the trade name of Ortho Clear® by NextDent® (the Netherlands), acrylic/methacrylic resin with the trade name of Freeprint® Splint by Detax GmbH & Co. (Ettlingen, Germany), and methacrylate resin with the trade name of FotoDent® Guide 405 nm by Dreve Dentamid GmbH (Unna, Germany).

The target position or adjusted position information is registered in a 3-D printer, together with the digital scanning data. Optionally, computer-aided design tools and 3-D printing programs are used to design and adjust a dental appliance of this invention. A 3-D material is dispersed from a printhead for fabricating the dental appliance according to a preset program. After or during printing, the material is hardened usually by ultraviolet light curing to ensure full crosslinking.

Alternatively, a dental appliance of this invention can be fabricated with machining from a block of material with computer numeric control (CNC) machining. Additional materials that can be used in the construction of the dental appliances of the present invention include polypropylene derived materials, polyvinylchloride derived materials, and polyurethane derived materials as well as any materials capable of being safely used in the construction of a dental appliance.

The dental appliances thus prepared each have a lower arch section, an upper arch section, a connecting section linking the lower arch section and the upper arch section, and optionally an opening formed between the lower arch section, the upper arch section, and the connecting section. When worn by a patient, the lower arch section conforms to the mandibular dentition of the patient and the upper arch section conforms to the maxillary dentition. The lower arch section and the upper arch section each have (i) two posterior sections corresponding to the molars and premolars in the dentition and (ii) an anterior section corresponding to the canine and incisors. See FIGS. 4A, 4B, and 4C for an example of the dental appliance of this invention. FIG. 4A is a side view of the exemplary dental appliance. FIG. 4B is the front view. FIG. 4C shows a dental appliance attached to the mandibular and maxillary dentitions.

As illustrated in FIGS. 4A-4C, both the lower arch section and the upper arch section are symmetrical along a median plane which traverses centrally across the dental appliance. The upper arch section is positioned above the lower arch section and is coupled to the maxillary dentition. The lower arch section is coupled to the mandibular dentition. The upper arch section and the lower arch section are connected at their posterior sections but separated at their anterior sections to leave an opening that allows air to pass through and the tongue to move forward, thereby further opening the airway in the back of the mouth.

Referring to FIGS. 4A-4C again, each of the lower arch section and the upper arch section has an outer side, an inner side, and an occlusal surface. The inner sides travel along the lingual surfaces of the dentitions and are the point of contact between the appliance and the interior surfaces of the upper and lower jaws, including dentitions and gums. It meets the lingual surfaces at the anterior teeth, the posterior teeth, and the gum, wherein the anterior teeth include central incisors, lateral incisors, and canines and the posterior teeth include first and second premolars and first, second, and third molars. The outer sides of the upper and lower arch sections travel along the buccal surfaces of the dentitions and is in contact with the buccal surfaces of the teeth and the gum. The occlusal surface contacts the chewing or incisal surfaces of the teeth.

The outer side and the inner side are coupled by the occlusal surface at their posterior sections, forming a support structure for mounting the dental appliance to the dentitions.

An opening is formed from the upper right canine cusp tip to the left canine cusp tip. The width of the opening is about 20% to 50% (preferably 33%) of the maximum width of the tongue.

When worn by a patient, a dental appliance of this invention moves the mandibular dentition 0.7 mm to 6 mm horizontally and 1 mm to 15 mm vertically. This small horizontal advancement provides the patient with maximum comfort and ensures compliance with the treatment. The opening contributes to further comfort by allowing the tongue to move forward. In addition, the small vertical distance allows the patient to close their lips, another feature contributing to comfort.

The dental appliance is preferably a one-piece device, even though an adjustable design is possible with a connector that can change the position of the lower arch section vertically or horizontally relative to the upper arch section. On most occasions, the dental appliance is custom made to fit the dentitions of a patient using the target position that works most effectively and comfortably for the patient suffering from OSAHS.

The effectiveness of the dental appliance can be evaluated using any known methods. OSAHS symptoms are conventional treatment indicators, which include, but are not limited to, snoring, mouth-breathing, night cough, sleeplessness in supine position, light sleep, sleep fragmentation, nocturia, daytime sleepiness, yawn, headache, chest tightness, hoarse voice, irritating throat, excessive mucus, swallowing difficulty, breathing difficulty, heartburn, chest pain, nausea, hypertension, and nocturnal hypoxemia. Those symptoms can be self-reported in a questionnaire for evaluating the severity of the apnea or hypopnea and the treatment effectiveness. The apnea—hypopnea index (AHI) and oxygen desaturation levels are also commonly used to indicate the severity. The AHI is the number of apneas or hypopneas occurred per hour of sleep and is expressed as the number of events per hour. A mild apnea or hypopnea has an AHI of 5 or greater but less than 15 and has an oxygen desaturation level of 90% or greater. A moderate apnea or hypopnea has an AHI of 15 or greater but less than 30 and has an oxygen desaturation level of 80% to 89%. A severe apnea or hypopnea has an AHI of 30 or greater and has an oxygen desaturation level of less than 80%.

Without further elaboration, it is believed that one skilled in the art can, based on the disclosure herein, utilize the present disclosure to its fullest extent. The following specific examples are, therefore, to be construed as merely descriptive, and not limitative of the remainder of the disclosure in any way whatsoever. All publications and patent documents cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety.

The dental appliances in Table 1 below were prepared following Method 1 described above. Adjusted dental appliance, X_(max), Y_(max), X_(tp), Y_(tp) are all defined above.

Table 2 below shows examples of dental appliances of this invention prepared following Method 2.

TABLE 1 Dental appliance prepared according to Method 1 Adjusted dental appliance X_(tp), Y_(tp), X_(max), Y_(max), X_(adj), Y_(adj), NO. mm mm mm mm X_(tp)/X_(max) Y_(tp)/Y_(max) mm mm X_(adj)/X_(max) Y_(adj)/Y_(max) 1 3 5.7 10.3 18.5 29% 31%  3.1 6 30% 32% 2 1.3 4.7 13.7 50.8  9% 9% 2.7 10 20% 20% 3 1.9 24.2 7.8 43 24% 56%  0.6 8  8% 19% 4 0.4 1.9 4.1 39 10% 5% 1.1 5 27% 13% 5 1.2 2.5 7.4 35.2 16% 7% 1.2 2.5 16%  7% 6 4 5.8 5.5 41.8 74% 14%  4.2 6 77% 14% 7 1.4 2.7 4.5 35.4 30% 8% 3 6 66% 17% 8 1.7 4.3 10.3 44.8 16% 9% 2.7 7 26% 16% 9 0.7 1.5 5.7 44 11% 3% 3.6 8 62% 18% 10 3.6 8.5 12.1 46 29% 18%  3.6 8.5 29% 18%

TABLE 2 Dental Appliance prepared according to Method 2 Adjusted dental appliance X_(tp), Y_(tp), X_(max), Y_(max), X_(adj), Y_(adj), NO. mm mm mm mm X_(tp)/X_(max) Y_(tp)/Y_(max) mm mm X_(adj)/X_(max) Y_(adj)/Y_(max) 11 1.2 4.4 4.2 26.4 29% 17% 2.7 10 65% 38% 12 2.4 2.1 8.3 12.3 29% 17% 1 1 12%  8% 13 1.6 9.5 6.3 27.2 25% 35% 1.6 9.5 25% 35% 14 3.3 8.4 6.7 19.1 50% 44% 3.3 8.4 50% 44% 15 2.9 8.4 10.2 49.7 29% 17% 3.5 10 35% 20% 16 2.6 7.1 8.9 42.2 29% 17% 3.1 8.5 35% 20% 17 5.6 8.9 11.9 40.6 47% 22% 5 8 42% 20% 18 2.1 7.3 7.2 43.5 29% 17% 2.8 10 40% 23% 19 1.1 5.6 3.9 36.9 28% 15% 1.6 8.5 42% 23% 20 2.4 6.4 8.3 38 29% 17% 2.5 6.5 29% 17% 21 2.6 7.7 8.9 46 29% 17% 2 6 22% 13% 22 2.9 8.9 8.5 37 34% 24% 2.9 9 34% 24% 23 2.6 10.8 7.6 46.9 34% 23% 2.4 10 31% 21% 24 1.4 7.3 4.8 43.7 29% 17% 1.9 10 39% 23% 25 2.5 6.6 8.9 46.2 28% 14% 3.2 8.5 36% 18% 26 2.3 6 7.8 35.9 29% 17% 2.3 6.1 29% 17% 27 1.8 6.4 6.3 37.9 29% 17% 2.3 8 36% 21% 28 1.7 5.5 5.8 32.8 29% 17% 1.7 5.5 29% 17% 29 1.2 6.9 4 41.2 29% 17% 1.4 8 33% 19% 30 1.8 6 6.8 42.2 27% 14% 1.8 6 27% 14%

Unexpectedly, the dental appliances in Tables 1 and 2 above effectively cured or alleviated obstructive sleep apnea or hypopnea.

OTHER EMBODIMENTS

All of the features disclosed in this specification may be combined in any combination. Each feature disclosed in this specification may be replaced by an alternative feature serving the same, equivalent, or similar purpose. Unless expressly stated otherwise, each feature disclosed is only an example of a generic series of equivalent or similar features.

From the above description, one skilled in the art can easily ascertain the essential characteristics of the present invention, and without departing from the spirit and scope thereof, can make various changes and modifications of the invention to adapt it to various usages and conditions. Thus, other embodiments are also within the scope of the following claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A dental appliance for treating a patient having obstructive sleep apnea or hypopnea, the dental appliance comprising a lower arch section, an upper arch section, and a connection section linking the lower arch section and the upper arch section, wherein the patient has a mandibular dentition and a maxillary dentition, the lower arch section conforms to the mandibular dentition, the upper arch section conforms to the maxillary dentition, the lower arch section is in a position corresponding to an adjusted position (X_(adj),Y_(adj)) of the mandibular dentition, in which X_(adj) is the horizontal distance between the adjust position (X_(adj),Y_(adj)) and a reference position (0,0) of the mandibular dentition, Y_(adj) is the vertical distance between the adjust position (X_(adj),Y_(adj)) and the reference position (0,0), the reference position (0,0) is the mandibular central point when the maxillary dentition and the mandibular dentition fit together in maximum interdigitation, Y_(adj) is equal to aX_(adj), X_(adj)/X_(max) is between 1% and 80%, Y_(adj)/Y_(max) is between 1% and 70%, X_(max) is the horizontal distance between the reference position (0,0) and a maximum protrusive position (X_(max)) of the mandibular dentition, Y_(max) is the vertical distance between the reference position (0,0) and the maximum mouth opening position (Y_(max)) of the mandibular dentition, a is equal to Y_(tp)/X_(tp), X_(tp) is the horizontal distance between a target position (X_(tp),Y_(tp)) of the mandibular dentition and the reference position (0,0), Y_(tp) is the vertical distance between the target position (X_(tp),Y_(tp)) and the reference position (0,0), and the target position (X_(tp),Y_(tp)) is the position into which the mandibular dentition moves so that the airway and epiglottis of the patient are open.
 2. The dental appliance of claim 1, wherein X_(adj)/X_(max) is between 2% and 75%.
 3. The dental appliance of claim 2, wherein X_(adj)/X_(max) is between 3% and 75%.
 4. The dental appliance of claim 1, wherein Y_(adj)/Y_(max) is between 1% and 65%.
 5. The dental appliance of claim 4, wherein Y_(adj)/Y_(max) is between 2% and 60%.
 6. The dental appliance of claim 5, wherein X_(adj)/X_(max) is between 3% and 75%.
 7. The dental appliance of claim 1, wherein a is from 0.2 to
 15. 8. The dental appliance of claim 7, wherein a is from 1 to
 10. 9. The dental appliance of claim 1, wherein each of the lower arch section and the upper arch section has two posterior sections and an anterior section, the dental appliance has an opening between the lower and upper arch sections at their anterior sections, and the opening has a width 20% to 50% relative to the maximum width of the tongue of the patient.
 10. The dental appliance of claim 9, wherein X_(adj)/X_(max) is between 2% and 75%, Y_(adj)/Y_(max) is between 1% and 65%, and a is 0.2 to
 15. 11. The dental appliance of claim 10, wherein X_(adj)/X_(max) is between 3% and 75%, Y_(adj)/Y_(max) is between 2% and 60%, and a is 1 to
 10. 12. The dental appliance of claim 1, wherein the lower arch section, the upper arch section, or the connection section is made of an acrylic polymer or copolymer, an acrylate polymer or copolymer, or a combination thereof.
 13. The dental appliance of claim 12, wherein X_(adj)/X_(max) is between 2% and 75%, Y_(adj)/Y_(max) is between 1% and 65%, and a is 0.2 to
 15. 14. The dental appliance of claim 13, wherein X_(adj)/X_(max) is between 3% and 75%, Y_(adj)/Y_(max) is between 5% and 60%, and a is 1 to
 10. 15. The dental appliance of claim 14, wherein each of the lower arch section and the upper arch section has two posterior sections and an anterior section, the dental appliance has an opening between the lower and upper arch sections at their anterior sections, and the opening has a width 20% to 50% relative to the maximum width of the tongue of the patient.
 16. The dental appliance of claim 1, wherein X_(adj)/X_(max) is between 5% and 80%, Y_(adj)/Y_(max) is between 5% and 70%, and a is 1 to
 10. 17. The dental appliance of claim 16, wherein each of the lower arch section and the upper arch section has two posterior sections and an anterior section, the dental appliance has an opening between the lower and upper arch sections at their anterior sections, the opening has a width 20% to 50% relative to the maximum width of the tongue, and the lower arch section, the upper arch section, or the connection section is made of an acrylic polymer or copolymer, an acrylate polymer or copolymer, or a combination thereof.
 18. The dental appliance of claim 1, wherein X_(adj) is from 0.2 mm to 8 mm and Y_(adj) is from 0.5 mm to 20 mm.
 19. The dental appliance of claim 18, wherein X_(adj) is from 0.3 mm to 6 mm and Y_(adj) is from 0.8 mm to 15 mm.
 20. A method of treating a patient having obstructive sleep apnea or hypopnea by wearing a dental appliance of claim 1 during sleep. 